對(dui)刀是(shi)機(ji)械加(jia)工前重要(yao)的(de)準備工作,免(mian)編程(cheng)數(shu)控(kong)銑床也不(bu)例外。對(dui)刀雖不(bu)復雜但至關重要(yao),直(zhi)接影響(xiang)免(mian)編程(cheng)數(shu)控(kong)銑床的(de)正常作業。學習對(dui)刀之前要(yao)先了解基(ji)本(ben)坐(zuo)標關系。
對刀(dao)點的確定
對(dui)刀(dao)點(dian)(dian)(dian)是工(gong)(gong)件(jian)在機(ji)床上定(ding)位(wei)裝夾后,用于(yu)(yu)確定(ding)工(gong)(gong)件(jian)坐(zuo)標系在機(ji)床坐(zuo)標系中位(wei)置的(de)(de)基準(zhun)點(dian)(dian)(dian)口對(dui)刀(dao)點(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)準(zhun)確性是保證免編程數(shu)控銑床加工(gong)(gong)精(jing)度(du)的(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)前提(ti),因(yin)此(ci)對(dui)刀(dao)點(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)確定(ding)十分重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)口“對(dui)刀(dao)點(dian)(dian)(dian)”又(you)被(bei)稱為“起刀(dao)點(dian)(dian)(dian)”和“程序(xu)起點(dian)(dian)(dian)”,其(qi)確定(ding)原則(ze)一般(ban)如下(xia):(1))對(dui)刀(dao)點(dian)(dian)(dian)要(yao)有利(li)于(yu)(yu)程序(xu)編程;(2)對(dui)刀(dao)點(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)置需容易被(bei)查看(kan),進(jin)而(er)方便機(ji)械加工(gong)(gong);(3))對(dui)刀(dao)點(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)置需容易被(bei)檢驗,進(jin)而(er)便于(yu)(yu)提(ti)高工(gong)(gong)件(jian)的(de)(de)加工(gong)(gong)精(jing)度(du);(4))在一般(ban)情況下(xia),對(dui)刀(dao)點(dian)(dian)(dian)采用的(de)(de)均是工(gong)(gong)件(jian)坐(zuo)標系的(de)(de)原點(dian)(dian)(dian)。
換刀點的確(que)定
在免編程(cheng)數控(kong)銑床(chuang)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)過程(cheng)中難免遇到(dao)多(duo)刀(dao)加(jia)(jia)工(gong),無論是自(zi)動(dong)換(huan)(huan)刀(dao)還是手動(dong)換(huan)(huan)刀(dao),都需(xu)要(yao)(yao)確定(ding)換(huan)(huan)刀(dao)點的(de)(de)位置口(kou)因(yin)此,確定(ding)換(huan)(huan)刀(dao)點對(dui)于免編程(cheng)數控(kong)銑床(chuang)多(duo)刀(dao)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)時的(de)(de)精(jing)度掌握十分重要(yao)(yao)口(kou)一般情況下,換(huan)(huan)刀(dao)點確定(ding)是以(yi)不允許碰(peng)傷刀(dao)具、夾(jia)具和(he)工(gong)件為原則,換(huan)(huan)刀(dao)點在加(jia)(jia)工(gong)工(gong)件的(de)(de)輪廓外,并留(liu)有一定(ding)的(de)(de)安全空問。
免編(bian)程數控銑床幾種對刀方法的分(fen)析比較
免編程(cheng)數控銑床加工時,對(dui)刀(dao)一般(ban)以機床主軸(zhou)(zhou)軸(zhou)(zhou)線(xian)與(yu)(yu)刀(dao)具(ju)(ju)端(duan)面(mian)的交(jiao)點為(wei)刀(dao)位(wei)點口因此,無論采用何種工具(ju)(ju)對(dui)刀(dao),目的都是(shi)為(wei)了使機床主軸(zhou)(zhou)軸(zhou)(zhou)線(xian)與(yu)(yu)刀(dao)具(ju)(ju)端(duan)面(mian)的交(jiao)點與(yu)(yu)對(dui)刀(dao)點重合。
對刀點為圓柱孔(kong)的中心線
采(cai)用千分表對刀(dao)口該種操作方法比較麻煩,效率較低,但對刀(dao)精(jing)度(du)較高,對被測孔(kong)的精(jing)度(du)要求較高,該方法適用于(yu)經過鉸(jiao)或(huo)鑊加工的孔(kong),對于(yu)粗加工后的孔(kong)不宜采(cai)用該方法。
采用尋邊器(qi)對刀(dao)口光(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)式(shi)尋邊器(qi)一般(ban)由柄(bing)部和(he)觸頭(tou)組成(cheng),兩者之問存有(you)一個固定的(de)電(dian)(dian)位差口當觸頭(tou)裝在機床(chuang)主軸上(shang)時,工作臺上(shang)的(de)工件(jian)與(yu)觸頭(tou)電(dian)(dian)位相同,當觸頭(tou)與(yu)工件(jian)表面接觸時就形成(cheng)回(hui)路電(dian)(dian)流(liu),使(shi)內部電(dian)(dian)路產生光(guang)(guang)、電(dian)(dian)信號口該方法與(yu)千(qian)分表對刀(dao)相比(bi)較(jiao),操作簡單,但精度(du)較(jiao)低。
對(dui)刀點為兩相互垂直(zhi)直(zhi)線的交點
采用碰刀方(fang)式對(dui)(dui)(dui)刀口對(dui)(dui)(dui)于精度要求不高的加工(gong)(gong),可以采用加工(gong)(gong)時所使用的刀具直(zhi)接進行(xing)碰刀對(dui)(dui)(dui)刀,該方(fang)法比較實用,但由(you)于其產生碰刀就會在(zai)工(gong)(gong)件表面(mian)留下(xia)痕跡,進而影響(xiang)到對(dui)(dui)(dui)刀精度口為避免損傷工(gong)(gong)件表面(mian),可以在(zai)刀具和(he)工(gong)(gong)件之問加入塞尺進行(xing)對(dui)(dui)(dui)刀,在(zai)編程計算時就應將塞尺的厚(hou)度減去。
機(ji)(ji)外(wai)(wai)(wai)對刀(dao)(dao)(dao)儀(yi)對刀(dao)(dao)(dao)口機(ji)(ji)外(wai)(wai)(wai)對刀(dao)(dao)(dao)儀(yi)是用來測量(liang)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)具的(de)長度(du)(du)、直徑(jing)和(he)(he)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)具形狀(zhuang)、角度(du)(du)的(de)專業工具口用機(ji)(ji)外(wai)(wai)(wai)對刀(dao)(dao)(dao)儀(yi)還(huan)可測量(liang)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)具切削刃的(de)角度(du)(du)和(he)(he)形狀(zhuang)等(deng)參(can)數,有利于提(ti)高加(jia)工質量(liang)口在使用對刀(dao)(dao)(dao)儀(yi)時應注意以下間題:
使用(yong)前要(yao)(yao)用(yong)標準對(dui)刀(dao)心軸進(jin)(jin)行校(xiao)準,每(mei)次使用(yong)前要(yao)(yao)對(dui)2軸和x軸尺(chi)(chi)寸(cun)(cun)進(jin)(jin)行校(xiao)準和標定;(2)靜(jing)態測(ce)量(liang)的刀(dao)具(ju)(ju)尺(chi)(chi)寸(cun)(cun)和實際(ji)加工(gong)出的尺(chi)(chi)寸(cun)(cun)之(zhi)問(wen)有一(yi)(yi)差值,靜(jing)態測(ce)量(liang)的刀(dao)具(ju)(ju)尺(chi)(chi)寸(cun)(cun)應大于加工(gong)后孔的實際(ji)尺(chi)(chi)寸(cun)(cun),因此對(dui)刀(dao)時要(yao)(yao)考慮一(yi)(yi)個修(xiu)正量(liang),一(yi)(yi)般(ban)該修(xiu)正量(liang)依靠操作者的經驗預選,一(yi)(yi)般(ban)要(yao)(yao)偏大0. 01一(yi)(yi)0. 05mm。
刀具Z向對刀
Z向對刀(dao)一般有兩種(zhong)方法:
機上(shang)對刀(dao):該(gai)方法是采用2向(xiang)設定器(qi)依次確(que)定每把刀(dao)具與工件在機床坐標的相互位置(zhi)關系。
機上對刀配合機外刀具預調,該方法對刀精度和效率高,但投資大。 //xcmag.cn/